File: <vespoid.htm>                                                      [For educational purposes only]        Glossary            <Principal Natural Enemy Groups >             <Citations>             <Home>

 

HYMENOPTERA, Vespoidea (has included Formicoidea, Pompiloidea, Scolioidea, Tiphioidea)

 

     Please refer also to the following link for further details:

 

          Vespoidea = Link 1

 

          When Clausen (1940) discussed the superfamily Vespoidea, it contained families that have since been placed into other superfamilies.  Thus his comment that the Vespoidea is composed of a group of families of exceedingly varied habits and forms considers the presence of the additional families.  By 1993 only three families, Eumenidae, Methocidae and Vespidae were included.  However, by 2010 eleven families are included in the superfamily.

 

Families

 

Bradynobaenidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

Formicidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> [formerly

         Formicoidea <Overview>]

Eumenidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

Methocidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

Sierolomorphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

Vespidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

Scoliidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> [formerly as

       Scolioidea <Overview>]

        [formerly Pompiloidea <Overview>]

 

 

Rhopalosomidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

Pompilidae (= Psammocharidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & 

       <Juveniles>

       [formerly Tiphioidea <Overview>]

 

Tiphiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

Sapygidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

        [formerly Mutillidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>]

        [formerly Thynnidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>]

 

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

 

References:   Please refer to  <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional references may be found at:  MELVYL Library]

 

Akre, R.D., A. Green, J.F. MacDonald, P.J. Landolt and H.G. Davis. 1981. The yellowjackets of Amer., north of Mexico. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Handbook 552. 102 pp.

 

Allen, H.W. 1966. A revision of the Tiphiinae (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) of eastern North Amer.. Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 92:231‑356.

 

Allen, H.W. 1968. A monographic study of the genus Paratiphia. Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 94:25‑109.

 

Allen, H.W. 1971. A monographic study of the genus Tiphia (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) of western North Amer.. Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 97:201--359.

 

Allen, H.W. 1972. A monographic study of the subfamily Tiphiinae (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) of South Amer.. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 113:1‑76.

 

Andre, E. 1899‑1903. Les Mutillides. Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe et d'Algerie. Vol. 8. Librairie Scientifique A. Hermann, Paris, France. 479 pp. + 15 plates.

 

Arbouw, G.J. 1985. Subfamily Tiphiinae. Hymenopterorum Catalogus (Nova Editio), Pars 17. Junk, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 157 pp.

 

Archer, M.E. 1989. A key to the world species of the Vespinae (Hymenoptera). Parts 1 and 2. Research Monograph of the College of Ripon and York St. John, No. 2. York, England. Part 1: 41 pp.; Part 2, figures: 34 pp.

 

Arnold, G. 1915‑1926. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Ann. of the South African Museum 14:1‑766.

 

Arnold, G. 1929. African species of Sapygidae. Ann. of the Transvaal Museum 13:175--181.

 

Arnold, G. 1932‑1937. The Psammocharidae (olim Pompilidae) of the Ethiopian region. Ann. of the Transvaal Museum 14:284--396, plate IX; 15:41--122, 283‑399, plates I--IV, 413--483; 18:73‑123,415‑460;19:1‑98.

 

Baroni Urbani, C. 1989. Phylogeny and behavioural evolution in ants, with a discussion of the role of behaviour in evolutionary processes. ~Ethology Ecology Evolution 1:137‑168.

 

Bernard, F. 1968. Les fourmis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) d'Europe occidentale et septentrionale. Fauna de l'Europe et du Bassin Mediterraneen, no. 3. Masson, Paris, France. 411 pp.

 

Betrem, J.G. 1928. Monographie der Indo‑Australischen Scoliiden (Hym., Acul.) mit zoogeographischen Betrachtungen. Treubia 9 (Supplement):i‑ii + 1‑388 + plates I‑V.

 

Betrem, J.G. 1935. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Palaarktischen Arten des Genus Scolia. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 78:1‑78.

 

Betrem, J.G. 1941. Etude systematique des Scoliidae de Chine et leurs relations avec les autres groupes de Scoliidae. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise 8(4):47‑188.

 

Betrem, J.G., and J.C. Bradley. 1972. The African Campsomerinae (Hymenoptera, Scoliidae). Monographieen van de Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging 6:1‑326 + plates 1‑6.

 

Bingham, C.T. 1897. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera. Vol. I. Wasps and bees. Taylor and Francis, London, England. 609 pp. + 4 plates.

 

Bischoff, H. 1920‑1921. Monographie der Mutilliden Afrikas. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte (A) 86:1‑830 + plates 1‑7.

 

Bischoff, H. 1927. Biologie der Hymenopteren: eine Naturgeschichte der Hautflugler. Julius Springer, Berlin, Germany. 606 pp.

 

Bluethgen, P.  1955.  Fünf neue Eumeninae aus Italien (Hym., Diploptera).  Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital. 85:  153-58.

 

Bluethgen, P.  1956a.  Neue oder erwähnenswerte Eumenidae aus Italien und Nord-Afrika aus dem Istituto di Entomologia dell'Università di Bologna (I.B.) und aus dem Musée Zoologique de Lausanne (M.L.).  Boll. 1st Ent. Univ. Bologna 21:  313-18.

 

Bluethgen, P.  1956b.  Untersuchungen über palaearktische Eumenidae (Hym., Diploptera).  Mitt. Berlin. Zool. Mus. 32:  117-49.

 

Bluethgen, P.  1956c.  Die Untergattungen Chlorodynerus und Xanthodynerus der Gattung Euodynerus Blüthg. (Hym. Eumenid.).  Dtsch. Ent. Z. 3:  281-84.

 

Bolton, B. 1973. The ant genera of West Africa: a synonymic synopsis with keys (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bull. of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 27:317‑368.

 

Bolton, B. 1990a. Abdominal characters and status of the cerapachyine ants. J. of Natural History 24:53‑68.

 

Bolton, B. 1990b. The higher classification of the ant subfamily Leptanillinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 15:267‑282.

 

Bolton, B. 1990c. Army ants reassessed: the phylogeny and classification of the doryline section (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). J. of Natural History 24:1339--1364.

 

Bolton, B., and C.A. Collingwood. 1975. Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Handbooks for the identification of British insects. Vol. VI, Part 3(c). Royal Entomol. Soc. of London, London, England. 34 pp.

 

Bradley, J.C. 1944. A preliminary revision of the Pompilinae of the Amer.s, exclusive of the tribe Pompilini (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 70:23‑ 157.

 

Bradley, J.C. 1955. Notes on the synonymy, distribution and affinities of the subfamily Fedtschenkiinae of the Sapygidae (Hymenoptera). Entomol. News 66:230‑233.

 

Bradley, J.C. 1957. The taxa of Campsomeris (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae) oceurring in the New World. Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 83:65‑67.

 

Bradley, J.C. 1959. The Scoliidae of Africa, Parts I and II. Ann. of the Transvaal Museum 23:331‑362.

 

Bradley, J.C. 1964. Further notes on the Amer. taxa of Campsomeris (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae). Entomol. News 75:101‑108.

 

Brothers, D.J. 1972. Biology and immature stages of Pseudomethoca f. frigida, with notes on other species (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). University of Kansas Science Bull. 50:1‑‑38.

 

Brothers, D.J. 1975. Phylogeny and classification of the aculeate Hymenoptera, with special reference to Mutillidae. University of Kansas Science Bull. 50:483‑‑648.

 

Brothers, D.J. 1984. Gregarious parasitoidism in Australian Mutillidae (Hymenoptera). Australian Entomol. Magazine 11:8‑‑10.

 

Brothers, D.J. 1989. Alternative life‑history styles of mutillid wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Pages 279‑291 in Bruton, M.N., ed. Alternative life‑history styles of animals. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 635 pp.

 

Brothers, D.J. and J.M. Carpenter. 1993. Phylogeny of Aculeata: Chrysidoidea and Vespoidea (Hymenoptera). J. of Hymenoptera Research 2 (in press).

 

Brown, G.R. 1985. The Australian Myzininae (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae). J. of the Australian Entomol. Soc. 24:135‑‑141.

 

Brown, W.L., Jr. 1958. A review of the ants of New Zealand (Hymenoptera). Acta Hymenopterologica 1:1 ‑50.

 

Brown, W.L., Jr. 1973. A comparison of the Hylean and Congo‑West African rain forest ant faunas. Pages 161‑185 in Meggers, E.J., A.S. Ayensu, and W.D. Duckworth, eds. Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South Amer.: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.

 

Cameron, P. 1894‑1899. Fam. Mutillidae. Pages 259‑395, 404, plates 13, 14, in Biologia Centrali‑Amer.a. Insecta. Hymenoptera (Fossores). Vol. II. 413 pp. + 14 plates.

 

Cardale, J.C. 1985. Hymenoptera: Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. Pages 150‑‑303 in Walton, D.W., exec. ed. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 2. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia. 387 pp.

 

Carpenter, J.M. 1981. The phylogenetic relationships and natural classification of the Vespoidea (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 7:11‑‑38.

 

Carpenter, J.M. 1986. A synonymic generic checklist of the Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Psyche 93:61‑90.

 

Carpenter, J.M. 1987. Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the Vespinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Systematic Entomology 12:413‑431.

 

Carpenter, J.M. 1988. The phylogenetic system of the Stenogastrinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J. of the New York Entomol. Soc. 96:140‑175.

 

Carpenter, J.M. 1989. The phylogenetic system of the Gayellini (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Masarinae). Psyche 95:211‑‑241.

 

Carpenter, J.M., and J.M. Cumming. 1985. A character analysis of the North Amer. potter wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Eumeninae). J. of Natural History 19:877‑916.

 

Casal, O.H. 1968. Aportaciones para el conocimiento de los Mutillidae de la Republica Argentina. II Los machos de Ephutini Ashmead (Hymenoptera). Physis 28:77‑93.

 

Casal, O.H. 1969a. Las hembras de Ephutini de la Republica Argentina (Hymenoptera‑‑Mutillidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 31:33‑‑41.

 

Casal, O.H. 1969b. Las hembras de Ephutini del Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil (Hymenoptera‑‑Mutillidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 31:97‑105.

 

Casal, O.H. 1970. Las hembras de Ephutini del Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae). Physis 29:297‑310.

 

Chapman, J.W., and S.R. Capco. 1951. Checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Asia. Monograph 1. Institute of Science and Technology, Manila, The Philippines. 327 pp.

 

Chen, C‑W. 1957. A revision of the velvety ants or Mutillidae of China (Hymenoptera). Quarterly J. of the Taiwan Museum 10:135‑224 + plates 1‑6.

 

Clausen, C.P. 1940. Entomophagous insects. McGraw‑Hill, New York, New York, USA. 788 pp.

 

Creighton, W.S. 1950. The ants of North Arnerica. Bull. of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 104:1‑587 + 57 plates.

 

Das, B.P., and V.K. Gupta. 1989. The social wasps of India and the adjacent countries. Oriental Insects Monograph No. 11. 292 pp.

 

Day, M.C. 1981. A revision of Pompilus Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), with further nomenclatural and biological considerations. Bull. of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 42:1‑42.

 

Day, M.C. 1988. Spider wasps: Hymenoptera: Pompilidae. Handbooks for the identification of British insects. Vol. VI, Part 4. Royal Entomol. Soc. of London, London, England. 60 pp.

 

Day, M.C., G.R. Else, and D. Morgan. 1981. The most primitive Scoliidae (Hymenoptera). J. of Natural History 15:671‑684.

 

Dreisbach, R.R. 1952. Key to the Amer. genera of the subfamily Cryptocheilinae (Hymenoptera: Psammocharidae) males and females. J. of the New York Entomol. Soc. 60:119--125.

 

Evans, H.E. 1950. A taxonomic study of the Nearctic spider wasps belonging to the tribe Pompilini (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Part I. Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 75:133‑270.

 

Evans, H.E. 1951a. A taxonomic study of the Nearctic spider wasps belonging to the tribe Pompilini (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Part II: genusAnoplius Dufour. Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 76:207--361.

 

Evans, H.E. 1951b. A taxonomic study of the Nearctic spider wasps belonging to the tribe Pompilini (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Part III. Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 77:203‑330.

 

Evans, H.E. 1953. Comparative ethology and the systematics of spider wasps. Systematic Zoology 2:155‑172.

 

Evans, H.E. 1961. A preliminary review of the Nearctic species of Sierolomorpha (Hymenoptera). Breviora 140:1‑12.

 

Evans, H.E. 1966. A revision of the Mexican and Central Amer. spider wasps of the subfamily Pompilinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Memoirs of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 20 i‑ii + 1‑442 + plates 1‑11.

 

Evans, H.E. 1973. Studies on Neotropical Pompilidae (Hymenoptera). IX. The genera of Auplopodini. Psyche 80:212‑226.

 

Evans, H.E., and M.J. West Eberhard. 1970. The wasps. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. 271 pp.

 

Evans, H.E., and C.M. Yoshimoto. 1962. The ecology and nesting behavior of the Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) of the northeastern United States. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Societv of Amer. 3:65--1l9.

 

Ferguson, W.E. 1962. Biological characteristics of the mutillid subgenus Photopsis Blake and their systematic values. University of California Publications in Entomology 27:1--91.

 

Gauld, I., and B. Bolton, eds. 1988. The Hymenoptera. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. 344 pp. + 10 plates.

 

Genise, J.F. 1984. Las Anthoboscinae neotropicales y comentarios sobre la diversidad de la subfamilia (Hymenoptera, Tiphiidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 43:195‑220.

 

Genise, J.F. 1986. Las Bradynobaenidae y algunas modificaciones a la classificacion general de Hymenoptera Aculeata. Physis (C) 44:39‑53.

 

Gess, S., and F.W. Gess. 1989. Flower visiting by masarid wasps in southern Africa (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Masaridae). Ann. of the Cape Provincial Museums (Natural History) 18:95‑134.

 

Giner Mari, J. 1944. Himenopteros de Espafia. Fams. Apterogynidae y Mutillidae. Instituto Espafiol de Entomologia, Madrid, Spain. 124 pp.

 

Giordani Soika, A.  1957.  Su alcune sinonimie recentemente proposte da P. Blüthgen (Hymenoptera Eumenidae).  Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital. 87:  106-08.

 

Giordani Soika, A. 1978. Tabella par l'identificazione dei generi Europei della famiglia Eumenidae. Societa Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Lavori 3:30--41.

 

Given, B.B. 1954. A catalogue of the Thynninae (Tiphiidae, Hymenoptera) of Australia and adjacent areas. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Bull. 109:1‑89.

 

Gorbatovski, V.V. 1981. Wasps of the family Tiphiidae (Hymenoptera) of the Far Eastern USSR. Pages 72‑80 in Kupyanskaya, A.N., A.S. Lelej, P.A. Ler, and V.C. Fedikova, eds. Hymenoptera of the Far East. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Vladivostok, USSR. 136 pp. [In Russian.l

 

Grandi, G. 1961. Studi di un entomologo sugli imenotteri superiori. Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia dell'Universita di Bologna 25:i‑xvi + 1‑661.

 

Grissell, E.E. 1977. The scoliid wasps of Florida. I. Introduction, biology, and key to Nearctic genera (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Entomology Circular 179. 2 pp.

 

Grout, T.G., and D.J. Brothers. 1982. Behaviour of a parasitic pompilid wasp (Hymenoptera). J. of the Entomol. Soc. of Southern Africa 45:217--220.

 

Guichard, K.M. 1980. Greek wasps of the family Eumenidae (Hymenoptera) with a key to the European genera. Entomologist's Gazette 31:39‑59.

 

Gurney, A.B. 1953. Notes on the biology and immature stages of a cricket parasite of the genus Rhopalosoma. Proc. of the United States National Museum 103:19--34.

 

Harris, A.C. 1987. Pompilidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Fauna of New Zealand. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Auckland, New Zealand. No. 12. 154 pp.

 

Haupt, H. 1927. Monographie der Psammocharidae (Pompilidae) Mittel‑, Nord‑ und Osteuropas. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1926‑l927:1‑367.

 

Holldobler, B., and E.O. Wilson. 1990. The ants. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachussetts, USA. 747 pp. + 24 plates.

 

Invrea, F. 1951. LeApterogyna del Nord Africa (Hymenoptera--Apterogynidae). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria 65:150--172.

 

Invrea, F. 1957. LeApterogyna del Sud Africa (Hymenoptera--Apterogynidae). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria 69:257‑332.

 

Invrea, F. 1964. Mutillidae--Myrmosidae. Fauna d'Italia 5. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, Italy. 315 pp.

 

Kempf, W.W. 1972. Catalogo abreviado das formigas da regiao neotropical (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 15:3--344.

 

Kimsey, L.S. 1991. Relationships among the tiphiid wasp subfamilies (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 16:427‑438.

 

Krombein, K.V. 1937. Studies in the Tiphiidae (Hymenoptera Aculeata). I. A review of the genera of Myzininae. Ann. of the Entomol. Soc. of Amer. 30:26--30.

 

Krombein, K.V. 1938. Studies in the Tiphiidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). II. A revision of the Nearctic Myzininae. Trans. of the Amer. EntomoloRical Soc. 64:227--292.

 

Krombein, K.V. 1940. Studies in the Tiphiidae (Hymenoptera Aculeata). IV. A revision of the Myrmosinae of the New World with a discussion of the Old World species. Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 65:415‑465.

 

Krombein, K.V. 1963. The Scoliidae of New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Nova Guinea, Zoology 22: 543‑651.

 

Krombein, K.V. 1967. Trap‑nesting wasps and bees: life histories, nests, and associates. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA. 576 pp.

 

Krombein, K.V. 1968. Studies in the Tiphiidae, X. Hylomesa, a new genus of myzinine wasp parasitic on the larvae of longicorn beetles (Hymenoptera). Proc. of the United States National Museum 124(3644):1--22 + 1 plate.

 

Krombein, K.V. 1972. Monograph of the Madagascan Mutillidae (Hymenoptera). Part I: Myrmillini, Mutillini and Smicromyrmini. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales (Serie in octavo, Sciences Zoologiques) 199:i‑x + 1‑61.

 

Krombein, K.V. 1978. Systematic studies of Ceylonese wasps, II: a monograph of the Scoliidae (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 283:1‑55

 

Krombein, K.V. 1979a. Biosystematic studies of Ceylonese wasps, IV. Kudakrumiinae, a new subfamily of primitive wasps (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Trans. of the Amer. EntomoloRical Soc. 105:67--83.

 

Krombein, K.V. 1979b. Studies in the Tiphiidae. XII. A new genus of Methochinae with notes on the subgenera of Methocha Latreille (Hymenoptera Aculeata). Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. of Washington 81:424‑434.

 

Krombein, K.V. 1979c. Scolioidea. Pages 1253--1321 in Krombein, K.V., P.D. Hurd, Jr., D.R. Smith, and B.D. Burks, eds. Catalog of Hymenoptera in Arnerica north of Mexico. Vol. 2, Apocrita (Aculeata), pp. 1199--2209. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.

 

Krombein, K.V. 1982. Biosystematic studies of Ceylonese wasps, IX: a monograph of the Tiphiidae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 374:1‑121.

 

Krombein, KV., and R.M. Schuster. 1957. A review of the Typhoctinae (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. of Washington 59:209‑232.

 

Kurzenko, N.V. 1981. Review of the genera of solitary wing folding wasps of the family Eumenidae (Hymenoptera, Vespoidea) in the fauna of the USSR. Pages 81‑‑112 in Kupyanskaya, A.N., ~S.  Lelej, PA. Ler, and VC. Fedikova, eds. Hymenoptera of the Far East. Akaderniia Nauk SSSR, Vladivostok, USSR. 136 pp. [In Russian.]

 

Kurzenko, N.V. 1986. The wasps of the family Sapygidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the USSR fauna. Pages 64‑80 in Hymenoptera of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Akaderniia Nauk SSSR, Vladivostok USSR. [In Russian.]

 

Kusnezov, N. 1978. Hormigas argentinas. Clave para su identificacion. Fundacion Miguel Lillo, Miscelanea 61:1‑147.

 

Lelej, A S. 1981a. Velvet ants of the subfamilies Kudakrumiinae and Myrmosinae (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae) in the fauna of Palaearctic. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 60:371‑379. [In Russian.]

 

Lelej, A.S. 1981b. Wasps of the family Scoliidae (Hymenoptera) of the far eastern USSR. Pages 48‑‑S0 in Kupyanskaya, A.N., A.S. Lelej, PA. Ler, and VC. Fedikova, eds. Hymenoptera of the Far East. Akaderniia Nauk SSSR, Vladivostok USSR. 136 pp. [In Russian.]

 

Lelej, A S. 1985. Velvet‑ants (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae) of the fauna of the USSR and adjoining areas. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, USSR. 268 pp. [In Russian.]

 

Li, T‑S. 1985. Hymenoptera: Vespoidea. Economic insect fauna of China. Part 30. Science Press, Beijing, People's Republic of China. 159 pp. [In Chinese.]

 

MacKay, WP. 1987. The scoliid wasps of the southwestem United States (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae). Southwestem Naturalist 32:357‑362.

 

Matsuura, M., and S. Yamane. 1984. Comparative ethology of the vespine wasps. Hokkaido University Press, Hokkaido, Japan. 444 pp. [In Japanese; English summary.]

 

Menke, A S., and L.A. Stange. 1986. Delta campaniforme rendelli (Bingham) and Zeta argil1aceum (Linnaeus) established in southem Florida, and comments on generic discretion in Eumenes sl. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Florida Entomologist 69:697‑702.

 

Michener, C.D., and M.H. Michener. 1951. Amer. social insects. D. Van Nostrand, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 283 pp. + 64 plates.

 

Mickel, C.E. 1928. Biological and taxonomic investigations on the mutillid wasps. Bull. of the United States National Museum 143: i‑‑x + 1‑351 + plates 1‑5.

 

Mickel, C.E. 1934. Mutillidae of the Philippine Islands. Philippine Joumal of Science 54:91‑219.

 

Mickel, C.E. 1935a. Descriptions and records of Nearctic mutillid wasps of the genera Myrmilloides and Pseudornethoca (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 61:383‑398.

 

Mickel, C.E. 1935b. The mutillid wasps of the islands of the Pacific Ocean (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Trans. of the Royal Entomol. Soc. of London 83:177‑312.

 

Mickel, C.E. 1936. New species and records of Nearctic mutillid wasps of thc genus Dasymutilla (Hymenoptera). Ann. of the Entomol. Soc. of Amer. 29:29‑‑60.

 

Mickel, C.E. 1937. The mutillid wasps of the genus Timulla which occur in North Amer. north of Mexico. Entomologica Amer.a 17:1‑‑119.

 

Mickel, C.E. 1938. The neotropical mutillid wasps of the genus Timulla Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Trans. of the Royal Entomol. Soc. of London 87:529‑679 + plates 1‑9.

 

Mickel, C.E. 1952. The Mutillidae (wasps) of British Guiana. Zoologica 37:105‑150.

 

Mickel, C.E. 1967. A review of the mutillid genus Chyphotes Blake (Hymenoptera; Mutillidae; Apterogyninae). Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 93:125‑234.

 

Mickel, C.E. 1970. Two hundred years of Mutillidae research (Hymenoptera), an annotated bibliography. University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bull. 271:1‑‑77.

 

Mickel, C.E., and KV. Krombein. 1942. Glyptometopa Ashmead and related genera in the Brachycistidinae, with descriptions of new genera and species (Hymenoptera, Tiphiidae). Amer. Midland Naturalist 28:648‑679.

 

Miller, C.D.F. 1961. Taxonomy and distribution of Nearctic Vespula. Canad. Entomol., Supplement 22. 52 pp.

 

Nagy, C.G. 1971. First record of the Old World species of Sierolomorpha Ashm. (Hym., Heterogynoidea). Reichenbachia 13:247‑249.

 

Nonveiller, G. 1963. Quelle est la cause de la rarete des Mutillides? Resultats de l'etude de certains de leurs caracteres biologiques et ecologiques. Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 42:24‑57.

 

Nonveiller, G. 1980a. Studies on African mutillids (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae). IX. The history and the present status of our knowledge of the Mutillidae fauna of Africa south of the Sahara (excluding Madagascar). Acta Entomologica Jugoslavica 16:29‑41.

 

Nonveiller, G. 1980b. Recherches sur les Mutillides de l'Afrique (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae). X. Bref aperc,u des resultats des recherches sur la faune des Mutillides du Cameroun effectuees au cours de la periode 1962‑1975. Memoires publies par l'Institut pour la Protection des Plantes, Belgrade, Yugoslavia 14:11‑68.

 

Nonveiller, G. 1990. Catalogue of the Mutillidae, Myrmosidae and Bradynobaenidae of the Neotropical Region including Mexico. Hymenopterorum Catalogus (Nova Editio), Pars 18. SPB, The Hague, The Netherlands. 150 pp.

 

Ogata, K, and R.W. Taylor. 1991. Ants of the genus Myrrnecia Fabricius: a preliminary review and key to the narned species. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae). J. of Natural History 25:1623‑1673.

 

Olberg, G. 1959. Das Verhalten der solitaren Wespen Mitteleuropas (Vespidae, Pompilidae, Sphecidae). VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Germany. 416 pp.

 

Olsoufieff, G. 1938. Revision systematique des Mutilles de Madagascar. Bull. de l'Academie Malgache (Nouvelle Serie) 20:171‑217 + 2 plates.

 

Pagliano, G. 1987. Methocidae e Scoliidae Italiani (Hymenoptera). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia 37:157‑‑181.

 

Pate, V.S.L. 1947a. A conspectus of the Tiphiidae, with particular reference to the Nearctic forms (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). J. of the New York Entomol. Soc. 55:115‑145.

 

Pate, VS.L 1947b. Neotropical Sapygidae, with a conspectus of the family (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Acta Zoologica Lilloana 4:393‑426.

 

Peeters, C. and R.H. Crozier. 1988. Caste and reproduction in ants: not all mated egg‑layers are "queens". Psyche 95:283‑288.

 

Rasnitsyn, A.P. 1977. A new subfamily of scoliid wasps (Hyrnenoptera, Scoliidae, Proscoliinae). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 56:522‑529. [In Russian.]

 

Richards, O.W. 1953. The social insects. McDonald, London, England. 219 pp.

 

Richards, O.W. 1962. A revisional study of the masarid wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). British Museum (Natural History), London, England. 302 pp.

 

Richards, O.W. 1978a. The social wasps of the Amer.s excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History), London, England. 580 pp. + 4 plates.

 

Richards, O.W. 1978b. The Australian social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Australian Joumal of Zoology, Supplemental Series 61:1‑132.

 

Ross, K and R. Matthews, eds. 1991. The social biology of wasps. Comstock, Ithaca, New York, USA. 695 pp.

 

Schneirla, T.C. 1971. Army ants: A study in social organization. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, California, USA. 367 pp.

 

Schuster, R.M. 1949. Contributions toward a monograph of the Mutillidae of the Neotropical Region. III. A key to the subfamilies represented and descriptions of several new genera (Hymenoptera). Entomologica Amer.a (New Series) 29:59‑140.

 

Schuster, R.M. 1951. A revision of the genus Ephuta (Mutillidae) in Amer. north of Mexico. J. of the New York Entomol. Soc. S9:1‑43.

 

Schuster, R.M. 1956. A revision of the genus Ephuta (Mutillidae) in Amer. north of Mexico. Part II. Species group gnsea. J. of the New York Entomol. Soc. 64:7‑84.

 

Schuster, R.M. 1958. A revision of the sphaeropthalrnine Mutillidae of Amer. north of Mexico. II. Entomologica Amer.a (New Series) 37:1‑130.

 

Smith, D.R. 1979. Formicoidea. Pages 1323‑‑1467 in Krombein, KV., P.D. Hurd, Jr., D.R. Smith, and B.D. Burks, eds. Catalog of Hymenoptera in Amer. north of Mexico. Vol. 2, Apocrita (Aculeata), pp. 1199‑2209. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.

 

Smith, M.R. 1936. The ants of Puerto Rico. J. of the Agricultural University of Puerto Rico 20:819‑875.

 

Snelling, R.R. 1981. Systematics of social Hymenoptera. Pages 369‑‑453 in Hermann, H.R., ed. Social insects. Vol. II. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA. 505 pp.

 

Snelling, R.R., and J.H. Hunt. 1976. The ants of Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomologia 9:63‑129.

 

Suarez, F.J. 1960. Las Myrrnosa de Marruecos (Hym., Myrmosidae). Hesperis Tamuda 1:111‑‑141.

 

Suarez, F.J. 1988. Mirmosidos de la Peninsula Iberica (Hymenoptera, Myrmosidae) Graellsia 44:81‑158.

 

Taylor, R.W. 1978. Nothomyrrnecia macrops: a living‑fossil ant rediscovered. Science 201: 979-85.

 

Taylor, R.W., and D.R. Brown. 1985. Hyrnenoptera: Forrnicoidea. Pages 1--149 in Walton, D.W., exec. ed. Zoological catalogue of Australia. Vol. 2. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia. 387 pp.

 

Tobias, VI. 1965. Contribution to the knowledge of the family Fedtschenkiidae (Hyrnenoptera, Sapygoidea). Zoologicheskii Zhumal 44:706‑715. [In Russian.]

 

Tobias, VI. 1978a. Farnily Scoliidae. Pages 47‑54 in Tobias VI., ed. Hymenoptera, Part I. Keys to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Vol. 3. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, USSR. 583 pp. [In Russian.]

 

Tobias, VI. 1978b. Family Tiphiidae [and] Family Metochidae [sic]. Pages 54‑56 in Tobias, VI, ed. Hymenoptera, Part I. Keys to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Vol. 3. Akaderniia Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, USSR. 583 pp. [In Russian.]

 

Tobias, VI. 197&. Superfamily Pompiloidea. Pages 83‑147 in Tobias, VI., ed. Hymenoptera, Part I. Keys to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Vol. 3. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Leningrad. 583 pp. [In Russian.]

 

Tobias, VI. 1978d. Superfamily Vespoidea-- folded‑winged wasps. Pages 147‑173 in Tobias, VI., ed. Hymenoptera, Part I. Keys to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Vol. 3. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, USSR. 583 PP. IIn Russian.l

 

Townes, H.K 1957. Nearctic wasps of the subfamilies Pepsinae and Ceropalinae. Bull. of the United States National Museum 209:1--272.

 

Townes, H.K 1977. A revision of the Rhopalosomatidae (Hymenoptera). Contributions of the Amer. Entomol. Institute 15(1):1--34.

 

Tsuneki, K 1989. A study on the Pompilidae of Taiwan (Hymenoptera). Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 35:1‑180.

 

Turillazzi, S. 1989. The origin and evolution of social life in the Stenogastrinae (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Joumal of Insect Behavior 2:649--661.

 

Tumer, R.E. 1910. Hymenoptera. Fam. Thynnidae. Genera Insectorum. Fascicle 105. Verteneuil et Desmet, Brussels, Belgium. 62 pp.

 

Tumer, R.E. 1912. Studies in the fossorial wasps of the family Scoliidae, subfamilies Elidinae and Anthoboscinae. Proc. of the Zoological Soc. of London 1912:696‑754.

 

van der Vecht, J., and F.C.J. Fischer. 1972. Palaearctic Eumenidae. Hymenopterorum Catalogus (Nova Editio), Pars 8. Junk, The Hague, The Netherlands. 199 pp.

 

Wahis, R. 1986. Catalogue systematique et codage des Hymenopteres Pompilides de la region Ouest‑Europeenne. Notes Fauniques de Gembloux, No. 12. Gembloux, Bel~ium. 91 pp.

 

Wasbauer, M.S. 1968. New genera of male Brachycistidinae with a redescription of Brachycistellus Baker and a key to North Amer. genera (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae). Pan‑Pacific Entomologist 44:184‑197.

 

Wasbauer, M.S. 1973. Some new taxa in the Myrmosinae with keys to the females in North Amer. (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae). Pan‑Pacific Entomologist 49:325--337.

 

Weber, N.A. 1972. Gardening ants, the attines. Memoirs of the Amer. Philosophical Soc. 92:i‑xx + 1‑146.

 

Wheeler, G.C., and J. Wheeler. 1972. The subfamilies of Formicidae. Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. of Washington 74:35‑45.

 

Wheeler, G.C., and J. Wheeler. 1976. Ant larvae: Review and synthesis. Memoirs of the Entomol. Soc. of Washin~ton 7:1--108.

 

Wheeler, G.C., and J. Wheeler. 1985. A simplified conspectus of the Fomlicidae. Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Soc. 111:255--264.

 

Wheeler, G.C., and J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Fomlicidae. Pages 1277--1294 in Dindal, D.L, ed. Soil biology g~ude. W~ey‑Interscience, New York New York USA. 1349 pp.

 

Wheeler, W.M. 1910. Ants, their structure, development and behavior. Columbia University Press, New York New York USA. 689 pp.

 

Wheeler, WM. 1922. Ants of the Amer. Museum Congo Expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. Bull. of the Amer. Museum of Natural History 45:1‑1139.

 

Wilson, E.O. 1971. The insect societies. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachussetts, USA. 560 pp.

 

Wilson, E.O., and R.W. Taylor. 1967. The ants of Polynesia (Hymenoptera: Fomlicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs 14:1‑109.